NSEC RR Ensure validity of negative response (NXDOMAIN) cannot simply sign a single "no such name" vulnerable to replay attack NSEC's idea provide "before" and "after" of the non-existent name (need formal canonicalization and ordering of RRs) "Disadvantage" of NSEC can be used to get all RRs in a zone one by one ask NSEC for the zone origin kame.net. NSEC aaa.kame.net. ask NSEC for the "next" of the origin aaa.kame.net. NSEC bbb.kame.net. ...